Choosing a Master's Program

An MA (Master of Arts) degree requires a bachelor’s degree as a prerequisite. Having an MA means you are highly educated in a particular subject.

An MEd degree is a master’s degree in education. This indicates that you are not only highly qualified in a certain subject but that you are also able to teach it to others.

An MAT is a Master of Arts in teaching. It is similar to the master’s degree in education because it indicates the graduate is both highly knowledgeable in a subject and has been given the tools and methodology to teach the subject to others.

The number of classes varies from one school to the next. Most require 30–41 college units to complete the entire degree. One graduate credit is usually given for each hour the class meets each week, so a three-unit graduate class would generally meet for three hours a week for the entire term. This time does not include homework, reading, and projects that would be required for the course also. A full-time course load in graduate school is usually about eight units per term. Working professionals often choose to enroll part-time because of the time commitment involved in undertaking a graduate program.

Because there are so many different types of TESOL-related master’s degrees, figuring out which one is best for you may be a challenge. Most of the degrees fall into one of two categories:

• MA in TESOL. This degree focuses on pedagogy. If you are hoping to teach English as an additional language, then this degree will give you the proper training and experience to do so. You should be able to teach students English without knowing the language of the students that you are teaching, but when teaching EAL or EFL, it is also beneficial if you know something about the language(s) and culture(s) of your students.

In the United States, many colleges that offer an MA in TESOL will also offer state certification to teach EAL in K–12 public schools. This route will require more units to satisfy the requirements that lead to certification and usually involves a semester of student teaching. This would not be necessary for prospective students that already have a teaching credential, are attending the school online, do not live in the same state or country as the school, or have already decided that they would like to teach adults.

• MA in applied linguistics. This degree usually focuses more on theory and language research. The MA in applied linguistics is designed as a first step in a research career in applied linguistics. It provides both a breadth of knowledge in several areas of applied linguistics and the specialized knowledge and skills needed to plan and conduct research in the areas of specialization within a program, such as language acquisition or discourse analysis.

While each school is unique in which courses it requires to complete a Master of Arts in TESOL, most reputable schools will require the following courses in the degree program.

• Foundations in TESOL: This introductory course gives students a general idea of what is involved in teaching English as an additional language. It may focus on the community resources that are available for the EAL population in the area, or it could have students observe or interview an EAL teacher, class, or student.
• Methods and/or learning theory: This course focuses on different learning theories and methods of instruction. Graduate students will be able to give a critical review of the benefits and drawbacks of each theory.
• Second language acquisition: An MA in TESOL program may require more than one course in second language acquisition. These classes focus on how students learn languages, the phases in how one acquires a language, and perhaps instructional strategies to help in the language acquisition process.
• Structure of English or English grammar: Some schools may not offer this course independently because it may be part of a second language acquisition class. It is important for future English language teachers to explain certain parts of the English language while teaching it. Inevitably, multilingual learners of English (MLEs) will ask grammar-related questions in class. Some English speakers are so immersed in the language it may be difficult for some of them to explain rules without explicitly learning them.
• Assessment: This course will show graduate students’ various methods of assessment in an EAL curriculum. It will also explain how to ensure that tests are valid, reliable, and practical to use in the classroom.
• Language and culture: This class may come in a variety of forms. Future EAL teachers will be able to learn how to address a class that has a mixture of cultures from around the world. The course may include political or educational philosophies from different regions of the world. It may also address how students have been taught in their home country and how it may be very different from the school where you are teaching. Whether it is explicitly taught in the program or not, a high level of intercultural understanding and awareness is an essential attribute for anyone working with MLEs.
• Curriculum and materials design: In this class, graduate students will focus on the age and fluency levels they intend to teach once they have graduated. The students will be able to develop their own curriculum, educational objectives, short-term goals, benchmarks, and related resources, quizzes, or tests to assess mastery.
• Research methods: Most universities encourage their students to research the field of TESOL. This course will explain qualitative and/or quantitative research methods, show limitations of research, what to do with the data, and how to publish or use the research results for further study.

Each master’s program will also have a culminating project that the students will have to complete. This may include one or more of the following:

• Internship or practicum: A graduate student will be asked to teach an EAL class for a pre-arranged amount of time. They will be responsible for writing and delivering lessons, grading assignments, and conferencing with a mentor teacher to address challenges or discuss successes they had teaching the class.
• Capstone project/portfolio: Throughout the duration of the program, students will make a portfolio that might include lesson plans, their teaching philosophy, assessments that they designed, and an action research project that they worked on during their classes. This allows the new graduate to have a toolkit of items that they can use as soon as they begin teaching.
• Thesis: A thesis is an extended research study on a topic that the graduate student is interested in learning more about. This would include an investigation into a specific area of TESOL, often including a literature review and a research project delving into the topic as well. This may be a beneficial option for graduate students who want to pursue further studies or work at a university.

Brick-and-Mortar Programs

For some people, it is important to have a traditional college experience by going to the school or university for each class in person. This is a great way to meet other people in your community who are focused on MLEs. Attending classes at the institution has advantages, such as using school facilities like the library and computer labs. Many feel that traditional classes are also easier to focus on and that in-person interaction with classmates and professors is invaluable. Many universities offer graduate classes in the late afternoon or evening to accommodate working professionals.

Online Programs

More and more colleges and universities are offering their graduate classes online for students who are unable to physically attend classes due to work schedules or geographic location. This provides a great opportunity for students to connect with other graduate students around the world. The backgrounds and diversity that each student brings to an online class can enrich the experience and broaden the collective experience of the class. One student may be a practicing English teacher in Korea, while another student may be new to EAL and living in Los Angeles.

• Synchronous or asynchronous?

Online classes can be delivered in two formats:

• Synchronous classes require all students enrolled in the class to meet at the computer via webcams on specific class times and days. The professor takes attendance and presents lessons on a computer platform that enables PowerPoint; videos can even have students discuss topics in small breakout rooms.
• Asynchronous classes do not require students to meet at a certain time and day. These classes are delivered by having students read assignments and write papers on their own schedule and submit assignments by a specified due date. The students in the class may be required to write comments on an online class bulletin board or discussion board or respond to other students’ comments or ideas.

Hybrid Programs

Some colleges and universities offer a mixture of classes that are both online and in a traditional classroom setting. There are also programs that may provide the majority of the classes online but require a short (several weeks) residency on campus several times a year. Many graduate students appreciate the flexibility of a hybrid program because they are given an opportunity to interact with their professors and classmates in person and the flexibility of taking classes online when their schedules will not accommodate class time on campus.

Here are some key factors to consider when evaluating an MA TESOL program:

• Does the faculty represent a balance of expertise and experience in teaching?
• Does the institution have a solid reputation within the TESOL field?
• Does the university have a good overall reputation (name brand)?
• Ask questions. Schedule an interview to speak to a department member or current student. Most university professors will be happy to discuss their programs with potential applicants. This will give you a feel for what the program will be like for you.
• What kind of professional network does the school have? Some programs have a very diverse student population and active alumni groups that will provide you with valuable peer-to-peer networking and learning opportunities for years to come.

Long term, think about what it means to become a professional in the field of TESOL. Key elements of ongoing professionalism involve the following:

• Professional networking, both in-person and online
• Seeking out mentors and mentoring others
• Ongoing learning and professional development
• Action research and sharing information on new knowledge and effective practice with colleagues in your community and internationally
• Joining professional associations like TESOL (and/or IATEFL) and your local affiliate if you have one
• Speaking at or attending conferences to further your professional development in the field and/or submitting articles or resources for print or online publication.

Pursuing a Masters in TESOL is a big step that will require dedication, persistence, and hard work, but the benefits can be very rewarding. One of the most important first steps is to try to decide what you would like to do eventually in your career. If you want to work with children, make sure you receive the proper primary and/or secondary school endorsements that align to the school you would like to teach in. If you plan to pursue a doctorate in TESOL, whether to do teacher training or research in the field for a university, then it may be better for you to enroll in a program that includes a very strong component of research and theory. If you are unsure of what you see yourself doing long term, then you may want to diversify by learning about different areas that you are interested in and seeing where that will lead you in your career.

It is critical that you do a strong self-assessment. For example, if you strongly prefer to learn in an experiential format, then look into that type of degree program. However, if you have a lot of practical teaching experience but feel that you are very weak in your knowledge of language, including how to teach grammar, then make sure to find a program or teacher who can most effectively help you achieve what you need. On a similar note, the work and preparation you do before starting an MA program are important. If you know nothing about sociolinguistics or pragmatics, for example, then consider finding an excellent book or two on the topic and make them summer reading before you start your program. The more time and effort you put into preparing for your program, the more you will get out of it. Or, if you have never studied a foreign language yourself, try to immerse yourself in one before you begin your degree program. Perhaps nothing is as important for a TESOL instructor as being able to put yourself in the shoes of your students.

The key components of any successful career involve finding something that you have a passion for, which is also a natural area of strength for you (as not everyone is cut out to be a great teacher). If, in addition, you really develop both your areas of expertise and gain knowledge, skills, competencies, and awareness in areas where you are not as strong, you will position yourself well for success. You want to be aware of your own skill sets and experience as a teacher and build on those natural areas of expertise while filling in the gaps. For example, if you know nothing at all about teaching reading or writing, one way or another, you will have to make an effort to learn more. Think ahead to where you want to be in the future. In the best-selling book Outliers, Malcolm Gladwell points out that it takes tens of thousands of hours of practice and experience to become a true expert in something. Want to be a great writing teacher for MLEs? If so, you will have to really put in the time and effort to learn that specific craft.

Another factor in any successful career is keeping an eye out for changes in the job market. First, you should consider where you would like to be in five to 10 years. If, for example, you would eventually like to teach at a university in an EFL context, then make sure to learn about that type of work environment and gain practical experience in that area. Some MA programs include opportunities to do student teaching abroad. Also, in any profession, diversifying your portfolio can be very helpful. For example, if you are planning to teach primary and/or secondary EAL, having a teaching endorsement in TESOL as well as in math or science would be very valuable, given current trends and realities in public schools. If you hope to teach in the private sector, gaining knowledge and experience in English for specific purposes would be important.

Whatever direction you choose to go, your TESOL career will probably change your life. Teaching EAL makes it possible to travel the world without ever leaving your classroom. Many EAL classes even celebrate on the last day by having students bring authentic food from their home countries. You will be able to try new foods and learn about different countries and cultures from the people who know about them best. Students usually enjoy sharing information about where they are from, which can be enlightening for other students as well as teachers. Ask questions, and encourage students to dialogue with others. It not only helps with their communication skills but also dispels preconceived ideas that others sometimes have about certain parts of the world.

The rewards of English language teaching are great. Students are generally very motivated to learn English—and even if they are not, you can help provide the inspiration they need to want to learn more about new linguistic and cultural worlds. If you are an effective teacher, you and your students will be able to see measurable progress in a relatively short time. There is an intrinsic satisfaction in teaching English and fostering a common language between groups of people who would otherwise have no way to communicate. It is an incredibly diverse and rewarding profession for those who pursue a career in this field.